Pedestrian injuries and the relevant burden in shanghai, china: implications for control / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the associations of pedestrian injuries with age, income and educational level in Shanghai and to analyze the relative disease burden.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Information on pedestrian-related cases and deaths were collected from 494 hospitals and mortality registry systems from 1992 to 2010, and a multistage cluster sampling survey conducted in 2006. Logistic regression model was used in the analyses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age group of 5-9 had the highest mortality and morbidity among children. Mortality increased obviously among those aged 60 or above. Individuals with an educational level under the primary school and with the lower family average income were more likely to suffer pedestrian-related injuries. Multivariate Logistic analysis demonstrated that lower income and lower educational level increased the risk of pedestrian injuries with the odds ratio of 1.40 (95% CI: 1.15-1.71) and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.20-2-40), respectively. About 13.54% of the share of GDP for the healthcare, social security and welfare industries in Shanghai was occupied by the burden of pedestrian-related injuries in 2006.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pedestrian-related injury has inverse association with victims' income and educational level. Children of 5-9 years old and adults over 60 with lower educational level and lower monthly income are the target persons to be intervened.</p>

Study on age and education level and their relationship with fall-related injuries in Shanghai, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study age and educational level and their relationship with fall-related injuries in Shanghai and to analyze the relevant costs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Multistage cluster sampling was used for the selection of participants and standardized questionnaires were used for the information collection in 2006. Information on cases and deaths caused by fall-related injuries were obtained from 494 hospitals as well as from the mortality registry systems from 2001 till 2010.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 45 857 participates, 674 suffered from fall-related injuries with the largest proportion among all injuries. The fall-related mortality increased from 10.63 per 100 000 in 2001 to 14.11 per 100 000 in 2010. The under-five mortality rate was the highest among children aged 0-14 years. Mortality increased dramatically among those aged 55 or above for the female and aged 60 or older for the male. Individuals with an educational level under the primary school were more likely to suffer fall-related injuries, accounting for 72.66% of all deaths and 49.24% of nonfatal cases respectively. The annual burden of fall-related injuries equated to 25.90% of the share of GDP for the healthcare, social security and welfare industries in 2006.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Fall-related injuries were inversely related to victims' educational level. Children under the age of 5, women over 55 years old and men over 60 years old with an educational level lower than the primary school are the most risky groups of populations for intervention measures.</p>

A time series analysis of outdoor air pollution and preterm birth in Shanghai, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relation between air pollution exposure and preterm birth in Shanghai, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We examined the effect of ambient air pollution on preterm birth using time-series approach in Shanghai in 2004. This method can eliminate potential confounding by individual risk factors that do not change over a short period of time. Daily numbers of preterm births were obtained from the live birth database maintained by Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention. We used the generalized additive model (GAM) with penalized splines to analyze the relation between preterm birth, air pollution, and covariates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We observed a significant effect of outdoor air pollution only with 8-week exposure before preterm births. An increase of 10 microg/m3 of 8-week average PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3 corresponded to 4.42% (95%CI 1.60%, 7.25%), 11.89% (95%CI 6.69%, 17.09%), 5.43% (95%CI 1.78%, 9.08%), and 4.63% (95%CI 0.35%, 8.91%) increase of preterm birth. We did not find any significant acute effect of outdoor air pollution on preterm birth in the week before birth.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ambient air pollution may contribute to the risk of preterm birth in Shanghai. Our analyses also strengthen the rationale for further limiting air pollution level in the city.</p>

Interaction between ambient particles and ozone and its effect on daily mortality / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the effect of particulate matter (PM) less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) and ozone (O3) on daily mortality in Shanghai, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A generalized additive model with penalized spline function was used to observe the acute effect of PM10 and O3 on daily mortality.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Higher PM10 significantly increased the effect of O3 on total mortality, and O3 also increased the effect of PM10 although the estimated increment was statistically insignificant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our findings provide further evidence for the effect of PM10 and O3 on daily mortality.</p>

Application of DALYs in measuring health effect of ambient air pollution: a case study in Shanghai, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of ambient air pollution on human health and the subsequent disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost in Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We used epidemiology-based exposure-response functions to calculate the attributable number of cases due to air pollution in Shanghai in 2000, and then we estimated the corresponding DALYs lost in Shanghai based on unit DALYs values of the health consequences.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ambient air pollution caused 103,064 DALYs lost in Shanghai in 2000. Among all the health endpoints, premature deaths and chronic bronchitis predominated in the value of total DALYs lost.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The air pollution levels have an adverse effect on the general population health and strengthen the rationale for limiting the levels of air pollution in outdoor air in Shanghai.</p>

Epidemiological study on traffic accident in Shanghai from 2000 to 2002 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Data on traffic accident from year 2000 to 2002 were collected and testified. Epidemiological study was carried out to find the main risk factors of traffic accident.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The spatial distribution was conducted by means of Geographic Information System (GIS) and were marked on Shanghai digitalized map with different layers by different colors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Results showed that during 2000, 2001 and 2002, 69,669 , 68,894, and 47,088 traffic accident episodes occurred in Shanghai, resulting in 1747, 1724, 1557 deaths respectively with direct economic lost: 2.1, 2.4, 3.0 billion RMB. The main risk factors causing traffic accident deaths would include drinking alcohol before driving, fatigue and speeding. The leading causes of death were head injury and complex injury of body. GIS showed that there was a homocentric circle with more traffic accidents in downtown city, but more deaths in the urban city. Disease burden caused by traffic accident was very heavy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In Shanghai, traffic accident has great impact on social and economic issues thus should be controlled effectively. Focus should be layed on control of traffic accident in downtown area and to decrease the number of deaths related to traffic accident in the urban area.</p>